Author: Xantrex Team

As airports strive to reduce their carbon footprint and comply with stringent environmental regulations, transitioning Ground Support Equipment (GSE) to cleaner energy sources has become a priority. While many operators consider fully electric GSE as the ideal solution, the high cost of prematurely retiring functional internal combustion (IC) equipment remains a significant challenge. Retrofitting existing GSE with auxiliary power solutions presents a viable alternative, offering financial savings, operational efficiency, and long-term sustainability benefits.

The Financial Case for Retrofitting

Replacing an entire GSE fleet with new electric models can be prohibitively expensive. Retrofitting, on the other hand, costs approximately one-fifth of a full replacement, making it a far more economical option. Airports that retrofit their diesel-powered GSE with solid-state power solutions, such as lithium-ion or solid-state batteries, can achieve significant operational savings—up to 80%—by reducing fuel expenses and maintenance costs.

Traditional IC engines require frequent servicing, oil changes, and component replacements due to wear and tear. By switching to electric power, retrofitted GSE benefit from fewer moving parts, which translates to lower maintenance demands and costs. These savings can be redirected toward further sustainability initiatives, allowing airports to make incremental progress without overburdening budgets.

Environmental and Regulatory Compliance

Governments worldwide are tightening emissions standards, pushing airports to adopt greener alternatives. Retrofitting diesel-powered GSE with solid-state power solutions directly reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. For example, a converted electric loader can cut emissions by approximately 140.3 g/hr of nitrogen oxide and 13.0 g/hr of carbon monoxide compared to its diesel counterpart.

By taking a phased approach to retrofitting rather than full replacement, airports can meet evolving regulations without the financial strain of completely overhauling their fleets. Additionally, retrofitted GSE contribute to airport-wide carbon reduction goals, enhancing an airport’s sustainability credentials while maintaining essential ground operations.

Extending Equipment Lifespan and Maximizing ROI

GSE units typically have a service life of 15 to 20 years. Prematurely retiring functional equipment leads to unnecessary capital expenditures and waste. Retrofitting allows airport operators to extend the lifespan of their existing GSE by equipping them with modern power solutions that align with current energy and environmental standards.

By repurposing the structural integrity of existing vehicles and adding auxiliary power components, airports can continue to use the equipment while minimizing engine wear and tear. This also helps reduce the environmental impact associated with manufacturing and disposing of heavy machinery.

Charging Infrastructure and Energy Management

One of the key challenges in GSE electrification is ensuring reliable charging infrastructure. Retrofitted GSE requires strategic investment in fast-charging stations, optimized battery management, and grid-friendly energy distribution. Fast charging can restore up to 80% of battery capacity within an hour, ensuring minimal downtime and maintaining operational efficiency.

Multi-port fast chargers can further optimize energy use by servicing multiple vehicles simultaneously. Airports can integrate these chargers into existing infrastructure, avoiding costly overhauls while still benefiting from improved GSE performance. Additionally, implementing smart charging schedules and load balancing can help airports manage energy demand efficiently without straining local power grids.

Operational Performance and Reliability

One concern surrounding electric GSE is whether they can match the performance of traditional diesel-powered equipment. Studies have shown that retrofitted electric GSE performs on par with or even better than IC-driven models.

For example, an electric pallet loader retrofitted with solid-state batteries demonstrated identical lifting capacity and operational endurance compared to its diesel counterpart. The key difference lies in operational behavior—electric GSE requires routine charging instead of refueling, but with opportunity charging and fast-charge capabilities, these vehicles can operate across multiple shifts without disruption.

Looking Ahead: The Future of GSE Electrification

While hydrogen fuel cells have been proposed as an alternative energy source for GSE, their adoption requires significant investment in hydrogen production, storage, and refueling infrastructure. In contrast, retrofitting with solid-state power solutions allows airports to transition to greener operations using existing assets and infrastructure.

GSE manufacturers are also embracing modular designs that accommodate both diesel and electric configurations, allowing airports to future-proof their fleets while leveraging their current investments. As battery technology continues to evolve, the shift toward retrofitted electric GSE will become even more economically and environmentally viable.

Conclusion

Retrofitting existing GSE with solid-state power solutions offers a practical and financially sound strategy for airports seeking sustainability without the high costs of full fleet replacement. This approach significantly reduces emissions, extends equipment lifespan, and provides operational efficiencies that align with global environmental goals.

As airports navigate the transition to greener operations, retrofitting presents a balanced solution that maximizes existing resources while paving the way for a cleaner, more efficient aviation industry. By adopting this strategy, airports can achieve meaningful progress toward sustainability without compromising financial stability or operational effectiveness.

In the past four years, airport management and fleet managers of Ground Support Equipment (GSE) face increasing pressure to align with sustainability goals, reduce emissions, and improve operational efficiency. Many airports and ground handling companies have explored full electrification of their GSE fleets, but the high costs, infrastructure challenges, and operational limitations of electric equipment remain significant hurdles. With shifting federal policies including potential tariffs on imported electric components, deregulation, and the removal of electrification grants, many airports are revisiting their electrification plans in the new financial and political landscape.

While under the previous administration, there was an abundance of grant funding and support to embrace electrification, all this funding and support is up in the air under the current administration. While sustainability goals may still be in place, airports may need to look at alternative plans to meet their targets.

For fleet managers revisiting their electrification strategies, a balanced approach that includes retrofitting existing Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) GSE with lithium-ion Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) presents a cost-effective and practical alternative. By leveraging APUs, fleet managers can achieve significant sustainability improvements while avoiding premature decommissioning of valuable ICE GSE assets.

Key Considerations for GSE Electrification in the Era of Deregulation

1. The Cost Barrier of Full Electrification

While the long-term benefits of electric GSE (eGSE) are well-documented, the high upfront costs remain a primary concern for fleet managers. Replacing an entire fleet with electric models involves not only purchasing new vehicles but also investing in the necessary charging infrastructure.

Many airports, particularly those operating on tight budgets, find these capital expenditures prohibitive. Furthermore, recent policy shifts—such as the removal or reduction of federal funding for electrification projects—may further limit financial support, making the transition even more challenging. Fleet managers must assess whether the return on investment (ROI) of full electrification justifies the immediate financial burden.

2. Charging Infrastructure and Power Supply Challenges

One of the biggest challenges associated with full GSE electrification is the need for extensive charging infrastructure. Airports need to install fast-charging stations, upgrade electrical grids, and ensure consistent energy supply to accommodate an entirely electric fleet. In some cases, this requires costly infrastructure development, particularly for airports operating in older facilities with limited electrical capacity.

Additionally, new tariffs on imported lithium-ion batteries and charging equipment could drive up costs for fleet electrification, making APUs a more attractive option. Furthermore, deregulation efforts under the new federal administration could lead to shifts in energy policies that increase electricity costs, affecting the operational feasibility of electric GSE.

3. Operational Downtime and Performance Limitations

Electric GSEs generally perform well under standard airport conditions, but concerns remain regarding battery range, cold-weather performance, and charging downtime.

• Battery Range & Charging Times: Depending on the type of GSE, some electric models may not have sufficient battery life for extended operations without frequent recharging.
• Cold Weather Limitations: Lithium-ion batteries experience reduced efficiency in extreme cold, making them less reliable for essential GSE like de-icing trucks in winter conditions.
• Downtime for Charging: Unlike ICE vehicles that can be refueled quickly, electric GSE must be taken out of service for recharging, potentially disrupting tight operational schedules.

Why Fleet Managers Should Consider Lithium-Ion APUs for ICE GSE

Instead of fully replacing ICE GSE with electric variants, fleet managers can extend the life of existing equipment and reduce emissions by integrating lithium-ion-based Auxiliary Power Units (APUs).

1. Reduced Fuel Consumption and Lower Emissions

APUs help eliminate unnecessary engine idling by providing power to essential systems such as hydraulics, lifts, heating, and pumps without running the main engine. This significantly cuts fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, helping airports move toward their sustainability goals without a complete fleet overhaul.

For instance, a catering truck or lavatory service vehicle can operate its lift and pumping systems using an APU rather than relying on the primary diesel engine, reducing fuel use and maintenance costs.

2. Cost-Effective Sustainability Solution

Unlike full electrification, APU addition requires a fraction of the investment needed for new electric GSE and infrastructure. Fleet managers can retrofit their current ICE equipment with APUs, preserving their existing fleet while still making tangible sustainability improvements.

This modular approach allows airports to phase in electrification over time without straining financial resources. It also provides flexibility—allowing fleet managers to selectively electrify certain equipment while keeping retrofitted ICE GSE operational.

3. Extended Equipment Lifespan

ICE-powered GSE can have a lifespan of 20+ years, and many airports still operate relatively new models that are far from the end of their useful life. Premature decommissioning of these vehicles results in unnecessary capital expenditure and waste, both of which can be avoided with APU integration.

By reducing engine hours and wear-and-tear through APU usage, fleet managers can extend the operational life of their GSE, delaying costly replacements while still meeting sustainability mandates.

4. Faster Implementation with Minimal Disruption

Installing an APU on existing ICE GSE is far simpler and faster than transitioning to a fully electric fleet. Since APUs can be integrated into current vehicles without major infrastructure upgrades, airports can implement sustainability initiatives without disrupting daily operations.

For busy hubs where any downtime can impact airline schedules and passenger experience, the ability to reduce emissions without operational disruption makes APU retrofits an attractive option.

The Best Path Forward: A Hybrid Approach to GSE Electrification

Fleet managers must adopt a pragmatic approach to GSE electrification, balancing sustainability goals with financial and operational realities. A hybrid strategy that combines full electrification where feasible and APU retrofitting for remaining ICE GSE offers the best of both worlds.

By prioritizing APUs for high-idling, auxiliary-powered equipment—such as de-icing trucks, catering trucks, fresh water trucks, and lavatory service vehicles—airports can achieve significant Scope 1 emissions reductions while managing costs and infrastructure limitations. Meanwhile, highly utilized equipment such as baggage tractors and pushback tugs can be targeted for full electrification where the business case is strongest.

Conclusion

As fleet managers revisit their GSE electrification plans, the key takeaway is flexibility. While the push for full electrification is strong, not every piece of GSE needs to be immediately replaced with an electric model.

By considering lithium-ion APUs as an interim solution, airports can significantly cut emissions, extend equipment lifespan, and manage costs more effectively. A phased approach—blending selective electrification with APU retrofits—ensures airports can meet sustainability objectives without unnecessary financial strain or operational disruptions.

For airports looking for a practical, cost-effective way to reduce emissions while maximizing the value of existing assets, APUs provide an intelligent and strategic alternative to premature electrification.

As airports push toward sustainability, Ground Support Equipment (GSE) electrification has become a crucial consideration. However, the path to reducing emissions and improving efficiency varies, with different electrification strategies offering distinct advantages and challenges. This article explores three approaches—retrofitting GSE with electric motors, adopting fully electric GSE, and integrating Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) into existing Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) GSE—to help airport operators make informed decisions.

1. Fully Electric GSE

Overview

Fully electric GSE consists of newly manufactured electric-powered equipment, replacing traditional ICE vehicles with purpose-built, zero-emission alternatives.

Pros

• High Efficiency: Electric GSE is designed for optimal performance, offering lower operating costs and minimal maintenance.
• Zero Emissions: Fully electric equipment eliminates emissions, making it the best option for meeting sustainability targets.
• Improved Reliability: Electric vehicles have fewer moving parts than ICE models, leading to reduced maintenance needs and downtime.

Cons

• High Upfront Costs: New electric GSE requires substantial initial investment, which may not be feasible for all airports.
• Infrastructure Upgrades Needed: Airports must install charging stations and update electrical systems to support electric fleets.
• Premature Decommissioning of ICE GSE: Fully replacing ICE GSE means discarding equipment that may still have years of operational life left, leading to financial and environmental concerns.

Ideal Conditions for Fully Electric GSE

• Airports with sufficient budget and long-term investment plans for full electrification.
• Facilities where government incentives and grants for electrification are still available.
• Airports with existing infrastructure capable of supporting an all-electric GSE fleet.

2. Retrofitting GSE with Electric Motors

Overview

Retrofitting involves replacing the internal combustion engine (ICE) in existing GSE with an electric motor and battery system. This method converts older equipment into zero-emission vehicles without the need for full replacement.

Pros

• Cost-Effective: Retrofitting is cheaper than purchasing new electric GSE, often costing only a fraction of the price.
• Lower Emissions: Converting ICE equipment to electric reduces emissions without premature decommissioning of valuable assets.
• Regulatory Compliance: Helps airports meet increasingly stringent emission regulations without major capital expenditures.
• Extended Equipment Lifespan: Retrofitting can give existing GSE a new lease on life, avoiding unnecessary waste and maximizing asset utilization.

Cons

• Conversion Complexity: Some GSE may require extensive modifications, making retrofitting impractical for certain vehicle types.
• Performance Considerations: Retrofitted equipment may not achieve the same efficiency and reliability as purpose-built electric GSE.
• Infrastructure Requirements: Retrofitted vehicles still require charging stations and updated maintenance protocols.

Ideal Conditions for Retrofitting

• Airports with a significant fleet of well-maintained ICE GSE looking to transition to electric without high replacement costs.
• Operators needing a phased approach to electrification while keeping existing assets in service.
• Facilities where infrastructure for charging is available but full fleet replacement is not financially viable.

3. Adding Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) to ICE GSE

Overview

Instead of replacing or fully retrofitting ICE GSE, airports can integrate lithium-ion battery-based APUs. These units power essential functions like lighting, hydraulics, and auxiliary systems while the main engine remains off, significantly reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Pros

• Lower Costs: APUs are more affordable than full electrification and require minimal modifications to existing GSE.
• Reduced Fuel Consumption & Emissions: APUs cut down on idling, which lowers Scope 1 emissions without requiring full electrification.
• Extended Equipment Life: ICE GSE wear and tear are reduced, allowing airports to maximize their fleet investments.
• Minimal Infrastructure Upgrades: Unlike fully electric GSE, APUs do not require extensive charging infrastructure.

Cons

• Not Fully Emission-Free: APUs reduce emissions but do not eliminate them entirely.
• Partial Electrification: While APUs enhance efficiency, they do not offer the same performance benefits as fully electric or retrofitted GSE.
• Potential Policy Limitations: As emissions regulations tighten, APUs may only be a short- to mid-term solution.

Ideal Conditions for APUs

• Airports hesitant about the high costs of full electrification but looking to reduce emissions.
• Facilities where ICE GSE has remaining useful life and does not justify full replacement.
• Operations where idling is a major source of fuel consumption and emissions.

Conclusion: Choosing the Right Strategy for GSE Electrification

Each electrification strategy presents distinct advantages, and the best choice depends on the airport’s budget, operational needs, and long-term sustainability goals.

• Retrofitting GSE with electric motors is ideal for cost-conscious airports aiming for zero emissions while maximizing existing assets.
• Fully electric GSE is the best option for airports prepared to invest in long-term sustainability and efficiency improvements.
• Adding APUs to ICE GSE is a practical intermediate step, allowing airports to lower emissions and fuel consumption without heavy investments in new infrastructure.

With shifting federal policies, potential removal of electrification grants, and evolving tariff regulations under the current administration, airports must carefully assess their electrification plans. By strategically balancing costs, emissions reduction, and operational efficiency, GSE fleet managers can make informed decisions that align with both sustainability goals and financial feasibility.